Technical-rational approaches to organisation have little relevance to Coursework

Specialized levelheaded ways to deal with association have little pertinence to supervisors in the current business condition. Talk about - Coursework Example The specialized levelheaded way to deal with associations is the way toward lessening genuine practices to a lot of specific abilities and modifying and rehearsing them routinely to learn and appraisal. A specialized objective way to deal with association recognizes center skills and afterward attempts to manufacture a domain supporting trade of information and a framework that can gauge execution and guarantee quality. Specialized judicious methodology is a piece of the old style school and logical administration and is frequently viewed as the bureaucratic association examines. It is called so on the grounds that individuals in associations have a characterized set of undertakings and duties. In addition, associations likewise have progressive structures of announcing in the old style approach, which implies that representatives report to each other and can likewise have the board duties. Every association have their own arrangement of rules and methodology for the fulfillment of e rrands, and the situation of the considerable number of representatives relies upon their capacities and are decided on merit. Another significant part of specialized levelheaded way to deal with hierarchical investigations is that all the representatives should act in an unbiased and dispassionate way with the prosperity and objective satisfaction going about as the inspiration. The monetary development alongside expanding number of associations likewise brought about expanding the specialized discerning methodologies towards association. As associations kept on developing and extend every which way, the quantity of occupations expanded just as the necessity for specific individuals master in a solitary specific zone. While the specialized balanced way to deal with associations increased gigantic notoriety, it likewise had various inconveniences with a significant one being the way that representatives would not be as viable in the event that they see the principles and systems as

Celebrities Have a Tremendous Influence on the Young

With the day in and day out access of media, big names have increasingly more effect on the youthful. Many individuals think famous people have an obligation to go about as good examples. Be that as it may, I can't help contradicting this opion. There are numerous different approaches to discover good examples for youngsters. Also, VIPs become well known in light of the fact that they can sing, move, act, or they are excessively acceptable at something. Be that as it may, superstars are people as well. Like every other person, famous people commit errors too.People figure VIPs should go about as good examples since VIPs decide to live in a manner to place themselves before the general population with the goal that many individuals will focus on them. It is clear obvious that the youngsters are gaining from the superstars about what to do and how to do. Be that as it may, youngsters are encircled by other adults, for example, guardians, companions, family members, and instructors. In the method of contact with all others, the youthful can set their job models.Also there are such a significant number of books, articles and motion pictures about renowned individuals who are not near us, however children can at present learn esteem, enthusiasm, dream and life. In this way big names are not really to be pushed as good examples. Big names become well known on the grounds that they are superior to other here and there. However, it doesn’t imply that VIPs need to live in a good example life. Everybody commits errors, including superstars. In any case, when VIPs get off-base on a certain something, they are effectively placed before general society since they get consideration all the time.It isn't reasonable for accuse big names since individuals figure they ought to be good examples. Take the case of Britney Spear, youngsters are so entranced by her tunes and moves. Be that as it may, with regards to love and marriage, she is unfortunately on an off-base way. N umerous young ladies commit same kind errors and they gain from exercises. We can't expect Britney to be a good example at that point accuse her for awful experience. In a word, famous people have gigantic impact on the youthful. Be that as it may, famous people don't have an obligation to be good examples.

College Essay Tips - Use Comparing and Contrasting Essay Samples to Score More College Scholarships

College Essay Tips - Use Comparing and Contrasting Essay Samples to Score More College ScholarshipsThe college admissions process is often incredibly confusing, particularly when it comes to applying for several different scholarships. It can be very hard to decide what's best, but with the help of some comparing and contrasting essay samples, you should be able to find the best options without having to sift through too many applications. You may not know exactly what it is that you need to add in order to score highly on an application, but it's always helpful to have a sample essay that shows you how to effectively highlight your strong points and cover all of the common mistakes that you'll likely make. This will help you to turn a successful application into a high performing essay that's easy to read and interpret.College essays are usually an important part of your overall application, and you'll be able to use comparing and contrasting essay samples to figure out exactly what to include when writing your own. In addition to this, writing essays is also going to be an essential part of the application process, and it's extremely important that you pay attention to exactly what you're going to write. You'll find that it can be easier to get a great application essay if you use a variety of different samples, rather than trying to write it all by yourself.When it comes to reviewing various essay samples, you'll find that you'll need to consider a few things when reviewing the requirements. For example, you'll want to think about exactly what the essay is going to say, which will show you how to write an effective application essay. You'll also want to make sure that you follow all of the guidelines, so it's important that you take the time to make sure that you follow the guidelines exactly so that you don't end up getting disqualified for not doing so.Applying for more than one scholarship can often be difficult, and you'll want to make sure that you make it as easy as possible for yourself. You'll want to avoid using much common language and instead focus on highlighting your strengths and highlighting your weaknesses. Some college essays have a tendency to become very long, so it's critical that you avoid becoming too overwhelmed.When it comes to making sure that you are able to apply for all of the scholarships that you're going to apply for, you'll want to make sure that you spend enough time in reviewing them. By doing this, you'll be able to get as many of them as possible. Spending just as much time as you can to apply for as many of them as you can will make sure that you don't waste a single minute on applying.Comparing and contrasting essay samples is going to show you exactly what to include in each one of them, and it's a great way to be able to get the most out of your application. For example, one sample could highlight your strengths and weaknesses, while another might focus on how you performed during your classwork. Each one of these is important, and you'll find that you can see exactly what to highlight in each one of them.Using these essay samples will allow you to work through the process more efficiently, and this will save you from wasting time. It will also allow you to focus on the top requirements without having to worry about the rest of the requirements or any other requirements. As a result, you'll be able to focus on what you need to do in order to receive all of the opportunities that you're going to receive.Applying for all of the scholarships that you're going to apply for is something that you should do if you're interested in obtaining some of the top scholarships available. You'll find that there are a variety of scholarship programs that are offered by different organizations. You'll be able to apply for a number of them, and you'll find that it can be quite a challenge to get to as many of them as possible. Using comparing and contrasting essay samples will allow you to do this without the stress of having to look at several different applications at once.

The Characteristics Of Autism Spectrum Disorders ( Asd )

1. What are the characteristics of Autism Spectrum Disorders (ASD)? As described in the textbook, there is a broad range of characteristics associated with Autism Spectrum Disorders (ASD). One of the first characteristics noted with ASD is language deficits, or using language in â€Å"odd† ways. As stated in the textbook, â€Å"Children with classic autism may be nonverbal. Alternatively, they may have significant language difficulties, so that their language may consist primarily of echolalia or delayed echolalia†, (E. Amanda Boutot, 2011, pp. 6,9). Additionally, â€Å"Children with Asperger Syndrome (AS) frequently have difficulty in conversations and following up on statements made by others†, (E. Amanda Boutot, 2011, p. 18). Individuals with AS may also take a literal interpretation of language, as well as, speak with an unusual volume, pitch, or rate. Other characteristics of ASD are social differences, such as a lack of theory of mind (mind blindness), joint attention, play (lack of imaginative play), and imitation of others. The textbook states, â€Å"It should come as no surprise, then, that one of the earliest symptoms of autism noted by parents are differences in social behaviors†, (E. Amanda Boutot, 2011, p. 19). It is also noted that some children diagnosed with ASD may lack emotional facial expressions and affect. Children diagnosed with an ASD may have sensory concerns, such as hypersensitivity (over) or hyposensitivity (under) to objects and the environment.Show MoreRelatedLanguage Development Is A Central Characteristic Of Autism Spectrum Disorder ( Asd )1774 Words   |  8 PagesDelays in language development is a central characteristic of autism spectrum disorder (ASD). Walker and Snell (2013) suggest that children who demonstrate poor communication skills often times are more likely to engage in problematic behaviors. The literature provides substantial evidence that functional communication training (FCT) is an effective intervention to use as a replacement behavior to d ecrease maladaptive behaviors for children with ASD. In a study conducted by Lambert, Bloom, andRead MoreTypes Of Students With Disabilities1446 Words   |  6 PagesI was given the opportunity to observe different types of students with disabilities in a self-contained special education class. I viewed many different types of disabilities such as Autism Spectrum Disorder, speech and language impairment, intellectual disabilities, visual impairment, and physical disabilities. Four out of the six students in the self-contained class I observed lacked social, communication, academic, and some behavior problems. Due to many of the students lacking these componentsRead MoreAutism Spectrum Disorder ( Asd )909 Words   |  4 PagesAutism spectrum disorder (ASD) refers to a group of neurodevelopmental disorders that is characterized by abnormalities relating to social, behavioral, cognitive and language skills. The genetic architecture of ASD is comprised of a variety of rare mutatio ns. These mutations include monogenic conditions involving autistic symptoms. Furthermore, single nucleotide variants and de novo copy number variants add to disease susceptibility. Inherited Factors Related to ASDs Autosomal recessive loci areRead MoreThe National Institute Of Mental Health1690 Words   |  7 Pageswith autism define their children’s oral health as fair or poor. Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder have difficulties adjusting with the dental scenery, due mainly to their inability to communicate and socialize their thoughts and feelings. Dental office visits can be challenging to the child with autism and therefor the parent as well. It is our job as a dental professional to help make these office visits as pleasant as possible to both the patient and the caregiver. What is Autism SpectrumRead MoreEssay about Autism Spectrum Disorder and the Theories of Vygotsky1423 Words   |  6 PagesABSTRACT Research over the past decade has acknowledged the impacts of characteristics and life-functioning for individuals on the autism spectrum. Models of support or interventions strategies have been researched but little, or limited practical or resourced models appeared as accessible for families of older youth. The intention of this research paper was to investigate a specific activity group for youth on the autism spectrum. The group runs concurrently with a parent group and is funded throughRead MoreThe Autism Spectrum Disorder ( Asd )1636 Words   |  7 Pagesm Spectrum Disorder This paper will cover many aspects of Autism Spectrum Disorder, also commonly known as ASD. It will identify reginal, national and global statistics of the occurrence of ASD, predisposing factors, usual signs and symptoms of ASD, and tests used for diagnosis. It will also analyze both medical, surgical and psychosocial aspects of the care needed by patients with ASD, interdisciplinary interventions, comorbidities commonly associated with Autism, and the prognosis of these patientsRead MoreHistory Of Autism Spectrum Disorder719 Words   |  3 PagesOverview of Autism Spectrum Disorder History and Current Research on Causes and Diagnostic Criteria of Autism Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) is a relatively new diagnoses within the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual for Mental Disorders fifth edition (DSM-5) created by the American Psychiatric Association (APA). ASD is a combination of multiple disorders that were deemed to have similar criteria and therefor too difficult to adequately give different diagnoses. The original discovery and diagnosticRead MoreThe Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition, places autism in a more1000 Words   |  4 Pages The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition, places autism in a more extensive diagnostic bracket called autism spectrum disorder. This encompasses a range of autism-related disorders that vary in severity. It is one of the most severe, chronic, behavioral disorders of childhood. Swiss psychiatrist Eugene Bleuler referred to autistic disorder as an unusual way of thinking among people with schizophrenia. A more in-depth explanation o f autistic thinking is the propensityRead MoreAutism : A Type Of Autism913 Words   |  4 Pageschildren will be born with a type of Autism. This number has doubled since the mid-1990’s (Nature Education). Autism affects 1.5 million people (Howard). Autism develops within the first years of life and is four times more likely to be present in boys than in girls (Kinsey). Some researchers believe autism caused by failure to prune sufficient nerve cells, or to get rid of damaged nerve cells in the proper manner (Howard). There is treatment for all types of autism and are available but none are knownRead MoreWhat Do We Know About Autism Spectrum Disorder?1390 Words   |  6 PagesAbout Autism Spectrum Disorder? Actress Holly Robinson Peete once stated, â€Å"I m not a doctor or scientist. I m just a mom. But I do think there s a genetic predisposition, and there are environmental triggers. I feel like that combination, in my child s case, is what resulted in autism.† Holly Robinson could have not said it in a better way. What is the cause of autism? Is autism solely caused by genetics or a combination of genetics and environmental influences? What does make up autism spectrum

Example of Braided Narrative - 1681 Words

Watch and Learn Everything was loud. The overstuffed bus of children was leaving the school parking lot for its normal route of sudden stops, unforgiving bumps, and of course, transporting students to their destinations. Opposite from every other child on the bus, I sit quietly in seat fourteen listening to the screaming laughter and shrill excitement of the conclusion of another school year. I sit there in silence because I knew that it would be my last bus ride home. I was trying to take everything in: the smell of the old brown bus seats, the half opened windows that tried to keep us cool, the pleasantly plump and incredibly sweet bus driver, and the jovial and rambunctious sounds of kids cackling and yelping. At every stop, I could†¦show more content†¦I awkwardly made my way to the lunch line, and stood for what seemed like an eternity. Being the nervous and shy person that I am, I constantly thought that eyes were watching me. As I picked up my lunch tray, I heard a voice behind me sa y, â€Å"Hey you!† I eagerly turned around. I thought to myself that maybe it’s a new friend! I was so elated with the fact that finally, someone wanted to talk to me! As the lunch line proceeded, I was getting hammered with questions: â€Å"Where are you from? Why are you here? What is your name?† Feeling a little overwhelmed, I answered the boy quickly as I got my lunch food. As we both exited the line, I thought I had obtained a new friend. I soon found out that I was wrong. With a slanderous tone, the boy said, â€Å"Just to let you know, I’m going to make fun of you for the rest of the year.† Then he strutted off into his group of friends and walked away. With broken hope, I scanned the cafeteria for an empty seat. I found one at the end of a deserted table, sat quietly again, and pondered on what the boy had said to me, and then I watched. I wondered to myself, what would my father have done in a situation like this? My father was so rt of a bully/rebel in school. I remember him telling stories of his childhood before he tucked me in at night. A couple stories that he told multiple times, probably to emphasize how wrong his actions were, are implanted in my mind forever. The first story isShow MoreRelatedComparing Hughes Vs. Hughes And Orwell960 Words   |  4 Pagesdissatisfaction in himself. Similarly, Hughes forever felt remorse for his actions. Each author had their own story; they told these stories in similar ways. Both authors use imagery, metaphors, and parallel structure to tell their stories. These narratives both use imagery to emphasize how they reluctantly committed to doing something they didn’t want to do. Hughes’ story is far shorter than Orwell’s, yet Hughes crams an extensive amount of detail into his story to fully immerse the reader. He â€Å"satRead MoreThe Exploitation Of Black Labor Essay1514 Words   |  7 PagesHarris argues in Whiteness, the courts universally accepted the notion that white status was something of value that could be accorded only to those persons whose proofs established their whiteness as defined by the law. Id. at 1741. A relevant example of case law where whiteness having property value is implicitly discussed is the case cited throughout this article, Doe v. State. The Court in Doe specifically used their interpretation of whiteness as not having â€Å"one-drop† of Black blood. In DoeRead More Salvation Essay1453 Words   |  6 Pagesto be saved from sin. Langston is a young boy around the age of thirteen. He is going to church to see Jesus for the first time. In which case, he truly experiences religion for the first time in his life. Throughout this essay Langston uses many narrative techniques such as, imagery, metaphors, and irony to explain his interpretation of that one night when he did not see Jesus.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  It was the night of the big revival, and Langston, a young boy going on the age of thirteen, was brought to his AuntRead MoreNarrative Analysis Of Narrative 990 Words   |  4 PagesNarrative Analysis Throughout the conversation the client stated her main concern was that she was acting â€Å"irrational† at home and therefore is concerned about going back home, although she did not verbalize it, this was expressed through her non-verbal communication. This area is the most concerning for me as well because she appears to have a negative social group that she has tried to distance herself from but could still be a threat to her mental health, I am not sure that she is ready to giveRead MoreThe Iconography Of The Laurel Wreath1312 Words   |  6 Pagessymposiums. Wreaths are a part of various functions, which offer differing narratives about the ancient Greeks. The â€Å"laurel† aspect of this wreath is by far the most essential aspect of this object. twenty-five laurel berries and eighty-nine laurel laves are fastened to the wires on Wreath. Romans adopted the production of laurel wreaths from the Greeks. This particular wreath became a symbol of of peace, eternity and glory. An example of the high regard laurel wreaths had in Rome was the Corona TriumphalisRead MoreWomen As Savage Beasts : Hans Staden s True History1648 Words   |  7 PagesLaura Lee ENGL130 Professor Raheja Women as Savage Beasts Hans Staden’s narrative, Hans Staden’s True History: An Account of Cannibal Captivity in Brazil, goes into immense detail in regards to the indigenous group, the Tupinamba, and their practice of cannibalism. Through such practice, the reader is given a glimpse of the tribe’s cultural practices and social hierarchy. Staden’s personal experience of cannibalism are illustrated which portrays the savagery, especially that of the women, of theRead MoreEssay on the vikings1628 Words   |  7 Pagesof waste around settlements. In contemporary times the stench must have been nauseating. Trade, however, was still plentiful, even in periods when Viking raids abounded, trade was conducted between Western Europe and the Viking homeland; an example of this being the North Norwegian chieftain, Ottar, and King Alfred of Wessex. Ottar visited King Alfred as a peaceful trader at the same time as Alfred was waging war with other Viking chieftains. The expansion of the Vikings was probably triggeredRead MoreThe Grapes of Wrath by John Steinbeck1362 Words   |  5 Pagesinfluence and importance in the family is revealed along with her modesty in bowing to the hierarchy of the family. Mimi Gladstein in her work, The Indestructible Women in Faulkner, Hemingway, and Steinbeck, states that Ma’s â€Å"...characterization, both narrative and dramatic, is multidimensional. Her character rises from the pages of the book as much more than Mother Earth or serene and aloof goddess for Ma Joad is simple and complex, a leader and a follower, a woman whose ignorance does not interfere withRead MoreThe Impact Of Globalization On The Workplace Environments Of Different Cultures Essay1710 Words   |  7 Pagesincorporates an fake case modeled after one of the many cases filed against American Airlines, where an African American women was forced to cover her braids that represented her culture. â€Å"Imagine the African American woman†, Green writes, â€Å"who chooses h er braided hairstyle as an expression of her racial identity. When she takes the time, money and energy to straighten her hair for work, her white coworkers and employer respond in ways that suggest that she is acceptable in the white world† (Green 652). TheRead MoreA Critical Analysis of â€Å"My Kiowa Grandmother, † and â€Å"Take My Saddle from the Wall: a Valediction†1806 Words   |  8 Pagesto understand the values and traditions of an old way of life that has been lost to the trials and tribulations of time. By reaching back into history through their families, both authors achieve the same effect, while using starkly contrasting narrative structure; they show the characteristics that have been lost to younger generations. The purpose of N. Scott Momaday’s essay, â€Å"My Kiowa Grandmother,† is personal self-expression, because he attempts to define his own values and judgments through

Sexuality And Its Effect On Adolescent Life - 1601 Words

A. Introduction Understanding about sexuality is very important in maintaining healthy sexual behavior. Limited understanding about sexuality will give negative effects on young adolescent life. There are several implications that are related with low of sexuality comprehension among young adolescent (1). One of the most important implication is that risk of infected by sexual transmitted infection through a risky sexual behavior. Adolescent are considered as an innocent and curious phase of human life, a lot of things to do, explore and learn. This phase of life creates huge curiosity, especially on sexuality (2). Young adolescent have a tendency to absorb various information from anywhere to fulfill their gap in mind and if these†¦show more content†¦According to manual based evidence (4), relevancy is firstly about correlation between the questions and result of the study which should be coincide each other. Secondly, the research has to be about social phenomena and this study is about one of social phenomena that although very interesting but It is rarely touched by research(4,5). †¢ Moreover, this study yield some theories which also a vital point for qualitative research, one of the theories is about the sexuality education in family, which explain that family who have a habit of open discussion about sexuality are more likely to gain a good two way communication compare with those who do not. †¢ The setting is a bit different to my setting because the cultural and religion aspect is quite the opposite where sexuality is considered as taboo to be spoken on daily conversation even in the family (6). However, the problem of adolescent is quite similar where the phase of exploring sexuality causing a lot of problem to the adolescent and the relation between the family and their children (6). 2. Result presentation †¢ The result are clearly presented by the author. Using transcribe of discussion about parent’s idea, statement about parent’s value, concern, aspiration about the sexuality question prepared by the researcher or other topic that pop up during discussion. †¢ The key points of the study are

Milbourn Manufacturing Production and Cash Budget

Question: Discuss about theMilbourn Manufacturingfor Production and Cash Budget. Answer: Introduction The below report has been prepared with an intention to test the production and cash budget of the company. The below reports will help the management to test the financial viability of the new project. Although looking at the financial numbers and the sales figures it looks like that the project is viable enough but these reports will test the outcomes and ensure whether the company is going in the correct direction or not. However, the company is required to base their results on some assumptions but these assumptions are must to reach out to some or the other conclusion. However, it is important that the assumptions that are being taken by the management should be realistic enough and should not be hypothetical. Part A Cash Budget of VGL Limited January February March April May Opening Balance $ 1,900,000 $ (21,386,000) $ 5,014,000 $ 32,347,500 $ 47,647,941 Receipts (Working Note 3) $ 13,464,000 $ 53,550,000 $ 48,883,500 $ 36,050,441 $ 29,598,070 A $ 15,364,000 $ 32,164,000 $ 53,897,500 $ 68,397,941 $ 77,246,012 Cash Expenses $ 1,550,000 $ 1,550,000 $ 1,550,000 $ 1,550,000 $ 1,550,000 Payment to Milbourn $ 35,200,000 $ 25,600,000 $ 20,000,000 $ 19,200,000 $ 16,000,000 B $ 36,750,000 $ 27,150,000 $ 21,550,000 $ 20,750,000 $ 17,550,000 Closing Balance (A-B) $ (21,386,000) $ 5,014,000 $ 32,347,500 $ 47,647,941 $ 59,696,012 January February March April A. Sales 220,000 160,000 125,000 120,000 B. Selling Price for customers $ 510 $ 510 $ 464 $ 422 C. Selling Price for retailers $ 306 $ 306 $ 278 $ 253 D. Revenue (A * C) $ 67,320,000 $ 48,960,000 $ 34,807,500 $ 30,407,832 20% cash receipts in the current month $ 13,464,000 $ 9,792,000 $ 6,961,500 $ 6,081,566 65% cash receipts in the next 30 days $ 43,758,000 $ 31,824,000 $ 22,624,875 15% cash receipts in the next 60 days $ 10,098,000 $ 7,344,000 Total cash collected $ 13,464,000 $ 53,550,000 $ 48,883,500 $ 36,050,441 Production Budget of Milbourn Manufacturing Since no information about the closing/opening stock is given, it is assumed that all the production done is sold in the next month. December January February March Production 2,20,000 1,60,000 1,25,000 1,20,000 Material Budget of Milbourn Manufacturing MATERIAL A December January February March Production (a) 2,20,000 1,60,000 1,25,000 1,20,000 Requirement per unit (b) 3 3 3 3 Total requirement(c= a*b) 6,60,000 4,80,000 3,75,000 3,60,000 Cost per kg (d) 3.50 3.50 3.50 3.50 Total cost (e=c*d) 2310000 1680000 1312500 1260000 MATERIAL B December January February March Production (a) 2,20,000 1,60,000 1,25,000 1,20,000 Requirement per unit (f) 6 6 6 6 Total requirement(g= a*f) 1320000 960000 750000 720000 Cost per kg (f) 4.50 4.50 4.50 4.50 Total cost (i=g*h) 59,40,000 43,20,000 33,75,000 3240000 MATERIAL C December January February March Production (a) 2,20,000 1,60,000 1,25,000 1,20,000 Requirement per unit (j) 2 2 2 2 Total requirement(k= a*j) 4,40,000 3,20,000 2,50,000 2,40,000 Cost per kg (l) 10 10 10 10 Total cost (m=k*l) 44,00,000 32,00,000 25,00,000 24,00,000 Total Material Cost (e+ i+ m) 1,26,50,000 92,00,000 71,87,500 69,00,000 Labour Budget of Milbourn Manufacturing December January February March Production 2,20,000 1,60,000 1,25,000 1,20,000 Hours per unit 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.50 Total Hours 1,10,000 80,000 62,500 60,000 Labour Rate per hour 36 36 36 36 Total Labour Cost 39,60,000 28,80,000 22,50,000 21,60,000 Cash Budget of Milbourn Manufacturing December January February March Opening Balance $ 1,550,000 $ (3,342,500) $ 18,730,000 $ 31,990,625 Amount received from VGL $ 35,200,000 $ 25,600,000 $ 20,000,000 Total Receipts (A) $ 1,550,000 $ 31,857,500 $ 44,330,000 $ 51,990,625 Labour cost $ 3,960,000 $ 2,880,000 $ 2,250,000 $ 2,250,000 Overhead Cost $ 300,000 $ 300,000 $ 300,000 $ 300,000 Material cost $ 632,500 $ 9,947,500 $ 9,789,375 $ 7,575,625 B $ 4,892,500 $ 13,127,500 $ 12,339,375 $ 10,125,625 Closing Balance (A-B) $ (3,342,500) $ 18,730,000 $ 31,990,625 $ 41,865,000 Working Note 1 MATERIAL A December January February March Production (a) 2,20,000 1,60,000 1,25,000 1,20,000 Requirement per unit (b) 3 3 3 3 Total requirement(c= a*b) 6,60,000 4,80,000 3,75,000 3,60,000 Cost per kg (d) 3.50 3.50 3.50 3.50 Total cost (e=c*d) 2,310,000 1,680,000 1,312,500 1,260,000 MATERIAL B December January February March Production (a) 2,20,000 1,60,000 1,25,000 1,20,000 Requirement per unit (f) 6 6 6 6 Total requirement(g= a*f) 1,320,000 960,000 750,000 720,000 Cost per kg (f) 4.50 4.50 4.50 4.50 Total cost (i=g*h) 59,40,000 43,20,000 33,75,000 3240000 MATERIAL C December January February March Production (a) 2,20,000 1,60,000 1,25,000 1,20,000 Requirement per unit (j) 2 2 2 2 Total requirement(k= a*j) 4,40,000 3,20,000 2,50,000 2,40,000 Cost per kg (l) 10 10 10 10 Total cost (m=k*l) 44,00,000 32,00,000 25,00,000 24,00,000 Total Material Cost (e+ i+ m) 1,26,50,000 92,00,000 71,87,500 69,00,000 5% cash payments in the current month $ 632,500 $ 460,000 $ 359,375 $ 345,000 75% cash payments in the next 30 days $ 9,487,500 $ 6,900,000 $ 5,390,625 20% cash payments in the next 60 days $ 2,530,000 $ 1,840,000 Total cash payment $ 632,500 $ 9,947,500 $ 9,789,375 $ 7,575,625 Working Note 2 December January February March Production 2,20,000 1,60,000 1,25,000 1,20,000 Sales@160 3,52,00,000 2,56,00,000 2,00,00,000 1,92,00,000 Receipts from VGL Ltd. - 3,52,00,000 2,56,00,000 2,00,00,000 Part B Budgetary Slack The financial controller of the manufacturer Milbourn Manufacturers Ltd, Ross Kirkham was very concerned about the budgeted numbers that has been set up above. It has provided that if the budgeted numbers are being selected as performance targets then in that case the same could let to behavioural problems such as budgetary slack. Budgetary slack means the doubt/uncertainty about the forecasted results. It may be the: - a) Under-estimation of the budgeted revenue b) Over-estimation of the budgeted expenses. Budgetary slack tends to give a false representation that the outcome of the associated business has turned out better than anticipated. Some instances of budgetary slack are intentional, others are not, and many more fall somewhere in between. Thus in that case either it is important for the management to set up targets that looks reasonable in all respects or if the same are achieved then they should be treated as budgetary slacks. If the budgeted targets are not realistic, then in that case, the same could de motivates the employees which may put the organisation on right track in long run. Thus in that case it is very important to keep managers who are actually involved in the production cycle to be a part of the budgeting exercise. Participative Budgeting In this budgeting exercise, the people who are being getting impacted by the budget are actively involved in the exercise that took place for creation of the budget. It is very important to keep managers who are actually involved in the production cycle to be a part of the budgeting exercise. It has been well stated that being in case of Participative Budgeting, the core people who are likely be involved in the implementation of the budgeted numbers are involved at the initial level tends to make the budget more realistic and more alive. The probability of the success of the budget increases in multiple folds in this case. These types of budgets tends to give the employees a feeling that the management is aware about the financial limitations and considering the same the budget has been prepared. The employees of the company feel motivated in this regard and being the budgets are being made with an intention to curtain the expenditures, the participation of the employees tends to mak e it more realistic. The attached advantages of Participative Budgeting are as follows: The forecast basis and assumptions that has been taken into considerations tends to be more realistic. The quality of the forecasts improves in this case. The employees involved in the budget setting exercise tend to feel more motivated. The results expected in this case are more achievable then in any other case. The attached disadvantages of Participative Budgeting are as follows: Being in case of Participative Budgeting, the people who are being getting impacted by the budget are actively involved in the exercise that took place for creation of the budget, there is always a probability of creation of conservative budget. These kinds of budgets are conservative in nature with high probability of achieving with any extra efforts expected to be put in by the employees. These kinds of budgets generally takes more time to decide on and thus are time consuming and expensive. These kinds of budgets may let the management towards introduction of budgetary slacks. Sometimes the managers that are involved in the exercise are unqualified to participate in the setting exercise. Cash Management by Milbourn Manufacturing and VGL limited. There might be a probability that both Milbourn Manufacturing and VGL limited may face trouble in cash management in the initial stages. In the given case, both the companies i.e. Milbourn Manufacturing and VGL limited faced cash shortages issues in their initial stages. There are number of strategies which can be adopted by the management of both the companies to overcome their liquidity crunches. Some of them are discussed as follows: Cash Discount: The management of the company can provide cash discount to the customers in order to get prompt payment from them. This will help them in meeting down their cash requirement in the initial stages. Although they would have to bear the additional cash discount cost but the same is not important at initial stages. Watch sales: The management is supposed to watch the movement in the sales closely and thus accordingly they should make changes in their expenses trend so as to manage their cash management. Review budget: If the company is more dependent on the short term funding needs then in that case, it is important for the management to review their budget lines and check if any changes are required to be made at the middle. Overdraft facility: The banks now a days offer cash over draft facilities to the companies to overcome the short term cash shortage problems. The company can use them and accordingly can meet out their needs and requirements. Consequences of Cash Shortage There might be some situations where the management of the company would not be in a position to keep a control on the prevailing cash shortages. The situation of cash shortage may put some unnecessary pressure on the income statement of the company. The management of the company would not be in a position to work freely. They would always be pressurised and would always keep the cash shortage point into consideration at times of taking all the decisions which might impact the company in long run. The reputation of the company would also get impacted by this act of the management, where the management would always ask the vendors to extend their credit limit and on the other hand would ask the debtors for prompt payment. In the current environment, it is very important for the companies to give sufficient credit to their customers ad for the same they require enough cash with themselves. The motivation level of the employees would also get impacted by the same as they know that the c ash position of the company is not strong.( Johnston K, demand media) Consequences of too Much Cash Similar way like we have consequences in having cash shortages in the books, we also have issues if the cash balance is too high. An adequate cash management is very important. The management in this case should manage the cash and put them in liquid sources where they can earn interest on the amount. The company pay unnecessary interest on the debt in spite to the fact that they have more cash in their very hands. The management if have more cash in their hand, they would lose the opportunity of investing the same in new projects and ventures as it would be treated as a loose of opportunity for the company. Excess cash would always carry a risk of theft. Excess cash on the other hand would create internal conflict within the organisation.( John C, demand Media) References Reference.com, What are the benefits of participative budgeting, Viewed on 25th Sept 2016, https://www.reference.com/world-view/benefits-participative-budgeting-ea68c5588099ab8b Artcile library, Agarwal R, Behavioural Implications of Budgeting (6 Implications), Viewed on 25th Sept 2016, https://www.yourarticlelibrary.com/accounting/budgeting-accounting/behavioural-implications-of-budgeting-6-implications/52800/ Small business, Kokemuller N, Why Is It a Financial Risk for Businesses to Have Too Much Cash on Hand, Viewed on 25th Sept 2016, https://smallbusiness.chron.com/financial-risk-businesses-much-cash-hand-81214.html Small business, John C, Advantages and Disadvantages of Excess of Cash for an Organization, Viewed on 25th Sept 2016, https://smallbusiness.chron.com/advantages-disadvantages-excess-cash-organization-22792.html Small business, Johnston K, Understanding Cash Shortage Overage in the Income Statement, Viewed on 25th Sept 2016, https://smallbusiness.chron.com/understanding-cash-shortage-overage-income-statement-37788.html